File:
<common housefly.htm > Pooled References GENERAL
INDEX [Navigate to MAIN MENU ]
|
COMMON
HOUSEFLY Musca domestica L.: Diptera, Muscidae |
------ CLICK on photos to enlarge. To search for Subject Matter, Depress Ctrl/F:
|
The common housefly, Musca domestica L. has been a constant associated of humans
over much of our modern history.
Attempts to The housefly, lays its eggs in decaying
vegetable matter or animal excrement.
The legless larvae are maggots with mouth hooks, caudal and thoracic
spiracles. Their filthy habits of
regurgitating saliva and food cause them to be vectors of typhoid, cholera,
and dysentery. etc. Either feces or
regurgitations cause the flyspecks often found on surfaces. Houseflies have been the target of
biological control in California and elsewhere (see ch-50.htm) Parasitic wasps have been
the most commonly studied natural enemies.
Most of the published work has dealt with seasonal occurrence of
parasitoids (Legner & Brydon 1966, Ables & Shepard 1976a,b; Legner
& Greathead 1969, Legner & Olton 1971, Rutz & Axtell 1980a,
1980b, Petersen & Meyer 1983a & b, Mullens et al. 1986) and their
experimental releases (Legner & Brydon 1966, Legner & Dietrick 1974, Morgan et al. 1975q, Olton &
Legner 1975 , Rutz & Axtell 1979). History of Biological Control Attempts
Beginning at the turn of
the 20th Century to about 1968, biological control of flies that breed in
waste habitats was attempted by the introduction of a broad range of
different natural enemies into areas where the flies presented problems. The Pacific Islands were a focus of much attention
with the introduction of dung beetles, several parasitoids and predators
during this period. It was believed
that the accidental introduction of an ant, Pheidole meagcephala
Fab., combined with the introduction of the coprophagous dung beetle, Hister chinensis Quensel, caused significant fly reductions
on the islands of Fiji and Samoa (Simmonds 1958). The Islands of Hawaii had 16 introductions from 1909 to 1967 of
which 12 established. However, the
exact role of these natural enemies in overall regulation of flies on the
islands is still not well understood (Legner et al. 1974, Legner 1978). Rodriguez & Riehl
(1962) in California used the novel and successful approach of chicken
cockerels as direct predators of fly larvae in chicken and rabbit
manure. However, this technique is
not utilized today because of the threat that roving birds pose to the spread
of avian pathogens. Research during 1970-1990
centered on the more highly destructive parasitoid and predatory
species. Examples such as the
encyrtid Tachinaephagus zealandicus Ashmead, five species of
the pteromalid genus Muscidifurax
and Spalangia sp. were
evaluated for their capabilities of attacking dipterous larvae and pupae in
various breeding sources. They are
believed to be capable of successful fly suppression if the right species and
strains are applied in the right locality (Gold & Dahlsten 1981, Morgan
et al. 1975, Morgan 1977, Olton & Legner 1975,
Pickens et al. 1975, Rutz & Axtell 1979, Propp & Morgan 1985a & b,
Axtell & Rutz 1986, Legner 1988a & b, Mandeville et al. 1988, Pawson & Petersen 1988). Other approaches have included the use of
pathogens and predatory mites, and inundative releases of parasitoids and
predators (Ripa 1986). Although
partially successful, none of these strategies have become the sole method
for fly control, and the wrong choice of a parasitoid strain may have detrimental
results (Legner 1986). Instead, the
focus is on integrated controls including other methods such as cultural,
adult baiting and aerosol treatments with short residual insecticides. However, it is generally agreed that
existing predatory complexes exert great influences on fly densities (Legner
et al. 1975 & 1980; Geden 1984, Geden et al. 1987, 1988; Geden &
Axtell 1988) and that many biological control agents of endophilous flies
have not been thoroughly surveyed, nor their potential adequately assessed
(Mullens 1986, Mullens et al. 1986). REFERENCES: Axtell, R. C. & D. A. Rutz. 1986.
Role of parasites and predators as biological fly control agents in
poultry production facilities, p. 88-100. In:
R. S. Patterson and D. A. Rutz (eds.), Biological control of Muscoid
Flies. Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer. 61. Barin, A., F. Arabkhazaeli, S. Rahbari
& S. A. Madani. 2010. The housefly, Musca
domestica, as a possible mechanical vector of Newcastle disease virus in the laboratory and field. Med. Vet. Entomol., 24(1): 88–90. Barnard,
D R; Geden, C J. 1993. Influence
of larval density and temperature in poultry manure on development of the
house fly (Diptera: Muscidae. Environ.
Entomol., v.22, n.5, (1993): 971-977. Brown,
B.V. 2001. Flies, gnats, and mosquitoes.. In Encyclopedia of Biodiversity, Volume 2. Academic Press. pp. 815-826 Brown,
B. V., A. Borkent, J. M. Cumming, D. M. Wood, N.E. Woodley & M.
Zumbado. 2009. Man. Cent.Amer. Diptera, Vol. 1, NRC Research Press, Ottawa. Chillcott,
J. G. 1961. A
revision of the Nearctic species of Fanniinae (Diptera: Muscidae). Canad. Entomol Suppl, 14(1): 295 Couri,
M. S. 2005. An
illustrated key to adult males of neotropical Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy
belonging to pusio sub-group (Diptera, Fanniidae). Brasil J. Biol, 65(4): 625–629 De Jesus, A. J., A. R. Olsen & J. R. Bryce. 2004. Whiting Quantitative contamination and transfer of Escherichia coli from food by houseflies,
Musca
domestica L
(Diptera:Muscidae). Int. J. Food Microbiol, 193: 259–262 Forster, M., S. Klimpel, H. Mehlhorn, K. Sievert, S. Messler & K.
Pfeffer. 2007. Pilot study on synanthropic flies (e.g. Musca, Sarcophaga,
Calliphora,
Fannia, Lucilia
and Stomoxys) as vectors of
pathogenic microorganisms. Parasitol Res,
101(1): 243–246, Geden,
C. J. & R. C. Axtell. 1988. Predation by Carcinops
pumilio
(Coleoptera: Histeridae) and Macrocheles muscaedomesticae
(Acarina: Macrochelidae) on the housefly (Diptera: Muscidae):
Functional response, effects of temperature, and availability of
alternative prey. Environ.
Ent. 17: 739-44. Geden,
C. J., J. G. Stoffolani, Jr. & J. S. Elkinton. 1987.
Prey-mediated dispersal behavior of Carcinops pumilio
(Coleoptera: Histeridae).
Environ. Ent. 16:
415-19. Geden,
C. J., R. F. Stinner & R. C. Axtell.
1988.
Predation by predators of the house fly in poultry manure: effects of predator density,
feeding history, interspecific interference and field conditions. Environ. Ent. 17: 320-29. Geden,
C J; Rutz, D A; Steinkraus, D C. 1995.
Virulence of different isolates and formulations of Beauveria bassiana for house flies and
the
parasitoid Muscidifurax raptor.Biological
Control, v.5, n.4, (1995): 615-621. Geden,
C J; Steinkraus, D C; Rutz, D A. 1993.
Evaluation of two methods for release of Entomophthora muscae (Entomophthorales:
Entomophthoraceae) to infect
house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on dairy farms. Environ. Entomol., v.22,
n.5, (1993): 1201-1208. Geden,
C J; Steinkraus, D C; Rutz, D A. 1993.
Evaluation of two methods for release of Entomophthora muscae (Entomophthorales:
Entomophthoraceae) to infect
house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) on dairy farms. Environ. Entomol., v.22,
n.5, (1993): 1201-1208. Geden,
C. J. 1984.
Population dynamics, spatial distribution, dispersal behavior and life
history of the predaceous histerid, Carcinops
pumilio
(Erichson), with observations
of other members of the poultry manure arthropod community. Ph.D. disser, Dept. of Entomology, Univ.
of
Mass., Amherst. 220 p. Geden,
C. J. 1990.
The role of coleopteran and acarine predators in house fly population
regulation in poultry production facilities, p. 177-200.
In: D. A. Rutz & R. A. Patterson (eds.), Biocontrol
of Arthropods Affecting Livestock and Poultry. Westview Press, Boulder, CO. Geden,
C. J. & D. A. Rutz. 1991a.
Using parasitic wasps to manage insecticide-resistant house
flies. Fact Sheet. 2 p. Geden,
C. J. & J. G. Stoffolano, Jr. 1987. Succession of manure arthropods at a poultry farm in
Massachusetts, with notes on Carcinops
pumilio
sex ratios, ovarian condition and body size. J. Med. Ent. 24:
214-22. Geden,
C. J. & J. G. Stoffolano. 1988.
Dispersion patterns of arthropods associated with poultry manure in
enclosed houses in Massachusetts:
spatial distribution and effects of manure moisture and accumulation
time. J. Ent. Sci. 23: 136-48. Geden,
C. J. & R. C. Axtell. 1988a.
Predation by Carcinops
pumilio (Coleoptera:
Histeridae) and Macrocheles
muscaedomesticae
(Acarina:
Macrochelidae) on the housefly (Diptera: Muscidae): Functional response, effects of
temperature and availability of alternative prey. Environ. Ent. 17:
739-44. Geden,
C. J., R. F. Stinner & R. C. Axtell.
1988. Predation by predators of the house fly in
poultry manure: effects of predator
density, feeding
history, interspecific interference and field conditions. Environ. Ent. 17: 320-29. Gheibi, M. & H Ostovan. 2009. Preliminary investigation on the Tachinid flies
in Fasrs province in Iran. Plant Prot
J, 2(1): 140–166. Gold, C. S. & D. L. Dahlsten. 1981. A
new host record for Tachinaephagus
zealandicus (Hym:
Encyrtidae). Entomophaga 26: 459-60. Gregor,
F. R. et al., 2002 The Muscidae (Diptera) of Central Europe, Brno, Folia
Biologia, 107. Hall,
M. J., A.H. Wardhana, G. Shahhosseini & Z. J. Adams. 2009.
Genetic
diversity of populations of Old World screw worm fly, Chrysomya bezziana, causing
traumatic myiasis of livestock in the Gulf region and implications for
control by sterile insect technique.
Med. Vet. Entomol, 23 (Supp 11): 51–58 Hennig, W. 1955–64. Muscidae
IN: Erwin Lindner, Die Fliegen der Paläarktischen Region 63b, Schweizerbart,
Stuttgart. Hinkle, Nancy C., D. Craig Sheppard,
and Maxcy P. Nolan, Jr. 1985. Comparing residue exposure and topical
application techniques for
assessing permethrin
resistance in house flies (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Econ. Ent. 78:
722-724. Huckett, H.C. 1965.
The Muscidae of northern Canada, Alaska and Greenland (Diptera).
Memoirs Entomol. Soc. of Canada 42: 1-369. James,
M. T. 1947. The
flies that cause myiasis in man, US Government Printing Office, Washington,
p. 228 Khoobdel,
M., A. Mehrabi Tavana, H. Vatandoost & M. R. Abaei. 2008.
Arthropod borne
diseases in imposed war during 1980-88.
Iran J Arthropod-Born Dis, 2(1): 24–32 Khoobdel,
M., S.M.A. Seyedi Rashti, M. Shayeghi & S. Tirgari. 2004. The survey fauna of Calliphoridae and Sarcophagidae flies
in Tehran and suburb. J. School Publ Health Inst. Publ. Health Res, 8(2): 79–83 Khoobdel,
M., N. Jonaidi & M. Seiedi Rashti.
2008. Blowfly and flesh (Diptera: Cyclorrhpha) fauna
in Tehran, Iran J. Entomol, 5(3): 185–192 Lane,
R. P. & R. W. Crosskey.
1993. Medical insects and arachnids, Chapman and Hall,
London, pp. 211–228 Matheson,
R. 1950. Medical Entomology. Comstock Publ. Co, Inc. 610 p. Service,
M. 2008. Medical Entomology For Students. Cambridge Univ. Press. 289 p. Legner,
E. F. 1986. Risk categories of
biological control organisms. Proc.
Calif. Mosq. & Vect. Contr. Assoc., Inc. 53: 79-82 Legner,
E. F. 1988a. Hybridization in
principal parasitoids of synanthropic Diptera: the genus Muscidifurax (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Hilgardia
56(4): 36 pp. Legner,
E. F. 1988b. Studies of four
thelytokous Puerto Rican isolates of Muscidifurax uniraptor
[Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae]. Entomophaga 33(3); 269-280.. Legner, E.
F.
1995. Biological control of Diptera of medical
and veterinary importance. J. Vector
Ecology 20(1): 59-120. Legner,
E. F. 2000. Biological control of aquatic
Diptera. p. 847-870. Contributions to a Manual of Palaearctic
Diptera, Vol. 1, Science Herald, Budapest. 978 p. Legner, E. F. 1978.
Part I: Parasites and
predators introduced against arthropod pests. Diptera. In:
Introduced Parasites and Predators of Arthropod Pests and Weeds:
a World Review (C. P. Clausen, ed.), pp. 335-39; 346-55.
Agr. Handbk. No. 480, ARS, USDA, U. S. Govt. Printing Off.,
Wash., D. C. 545 pp. Legner, E. F. & H. W. Brydon. 1966. Suppression of dung inhabiting fly populations by
pupal parasites. Ann. Entomol. Soc.
Amer. 59(4) 638-651. Legner, E. F. & E. J.
Dietrick. 1974.
Effectiveness of supervised control practices in lowering population
densities of synanthropic flies on poultry ranches. Entomophaga 19(4): 467-478. Legner, E. F. & D. J. Greathead. 1969.
Parasitism of pupae in East African populations of Musca
domestica
and Stomoxys
calcitrans.
Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62(1):
128-133. Legner, E. F. & G. S. Olton. 1971. Distribution and
relative abundance of dipterous pupae and their parasitoids in accumulations
of domestic animal manure in the southwestern United States. Hilgardia 40(14): 505-535. Legner, E. F., R. D. Sjogren & I.
M. Hall. 1974a.
The biological control of medically important arthropods. Critical Reviews in Environmental Control
4(1): 85-113. Legner, E. F., G. S. Olton, R. E. Eastwood
& E. J. Dietrick. 1975. Seasonal density, distribution and
interactions of predatory and
scavenger arthropods in accumulating poultry wastes in coastal and
interior southern California.
Entomophaga 20(3): 269-283. Legner, E. F., D. J. Greathead & I.
Moore. 1980. Population density
fluctuations of predatory and scavenger arthropods in
accumulating bovine excrement of three age classes in equatorial East
Africa. Bull. Soc. Vect. Ecol. 5:
23-44. McAlpine,
J. F., B. V. Peterson, G. E. Shewell, J. R. Vockeroth & D. M. Wood. 1987.
Manual of Nearctic Diptera, 2 Vols, Research Branch, Agric. Canada, Monogr. No. 27 & 28. Lang, M. D., G. R. Allen & B. J.
Horton. 2006. Blowfly succession from possum (Trichosurus
vulpecula) carrion in a sheep-farming zone.
Med. Vet. Entomol, 20(4) : 445–452 Mandeville, J. D., B. A. Mullens & J.
A. Meyer. 1988. Rearing and host age suitability of Fannia
canicularis
(L.) for parasitization by Muscidifurax zaraptor
Kogan & Legner. Canad. Ent.
120: 153-59. Monteiro,
M. R., & A.P. do Prado. 2006.
Synanthropic
flies (Diptera: Cyclorrapha) and their microhymenoptera parasitoids (Insecta:
Hymenoptera) at Monte Mor poultry production system, São Paulo,
Brazil. Rev. Brasil
Parasitol. Vet., 15(2): 49–57 Morgan, P. B. 1977. The parasitic wasp‑-A research
update. Proceedings 36th Annual
Florida Poultry Institute. Morgan,
P. B., R. S. Patterson, G. C. LaBrecque, D. E. Weidhaas & A. Benton. 1975a.
Suppression of a field population of house flies with
Spalangia endius. Science 189: 388‑389. Morgan, P. B., R. S. Patterson, G. C.
LaBrecque, D. E. Weidhaas & A. Benton.
1975b. Suppression of a field population of house
flies with Spalangia endius. Science 189: 388‑389. Mullens,
B. A. 1986. A method for infecting
large numbers of Musca domestica (Diptera:
Muscidae) with Entomophthora muscae
(Entomophthorales: Entomophthoraceae). J. Med. Ent. 23:
457-58. Mullens,
B. A., J. A. Meyer & J. D. Mandeville.
1986.
Seasonal and diel activity of filth fly parasites (Hymenoptera:
Pteromalidae) in
caged-layer poultry manure in southern California. Environ.
Entomol. 15: 56-60. Mullens, B. A., N. C. Hinkle, C. A.
Szijj and D. R. Kuney. 2001. Managing manure and conserving predators
helps control flies in caged-layer
poultry systems. California
Agriculture 55(5): 26-30. Mullens, B.A., C.E. Szijj and N.C.
Hinkle. 2002. Oviposition and development of Fannia spp. (Diptera: Muscidae) on
poultry manure of low
moisture levels. Environ.
Entomol. 31(4): 588-593. Mullens, B. A., N. C. Hinkle, C. A.
Szijj and D. R. Kuney. 2001. Managing manure and conserving predators
helps control flies in caged-layer
poultry systems. Calif. Agric.
55(5): 26-30.
Mullens, B.A., N.C. Hinkle and C.E.
Szijj. 1996. Impact of alternating manure removal
schedules on pest flies (Diptera: Muscidae) and
associated predators
(Coleoptera: Histeridae, Staphylinidae; Acarina: Macrochelidae) in
caged-layer poultry manure in southern
California.
J. Econ. Ent. 89(6): 1406-1417 Mullens, B.A., N.C. Hinkle and C.E.
Szijj. 1996. Role of the poultry manure pad in manure
drying and its potential relationship to filth fly
control. J. Agric. Entomol.
13(4): 331-337. Namazi,
M. R. & M. K. Fallahzadeh.
2009. Wound myiasis in a patient with squamous cell
carcinoma. Sci World J, 1(9):
1192–1193 Oldroyd,
H. 1964. The natural history of flies. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, London. 324
pp. Oldroyd,
H. 1970. Diptera
1: Introduction and key to families. Handbook for the identification of
British insects (3rd ed.), Roy. Ent. Soc. London. Olton, G. S. & E. F. Legner.
1975. Winter inoculative
releases of parasitoids to reduce houseflies in poultry manure. J. Econ. Entomol. 68(1): 35-38. Pawson,
B. M. & J. J. Petersen. 1988.
Dispersal of Muscidifurax zaraptor
(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), a filth fly parasitoid, at dairies
in eastern Nebraska. Environ. Ent. 17 (2): 398-402. Petersen, J. J.
& J. A. Meyer. 1983a.
Host preference and seasonal distribution of pteromalid parasites
(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) of stable flies and house flies (Diptera: Muscidae) associated
with confined livestock in eastern Nebraska. Environ. Ent. 12(2): 567-571. Petersen, J. J. & J. A. Meyer. 1983b. Observations on the overwintering pupal
parasites of filth flies associated with open silage in eastern Nebraska. Southwest. Ent. 8 (2): 219-225. Pickens,
L. G. & R. W. Miller. 1980.
Biology and
control of the face fly, Musca autumnalis
(Diptera: Muscidae). J Med Entomol,
17(3): 195–210. Pickens, L. G., R. W. Miller & M. M. Centala. 1975.
Biology, population dynamics and host finding efficiency of Pachycrepoideus vindemiae in a box stall and a
poultry house. Environ. Ent. 4: 975-79. Pont,
A. C. 2002. The
Fanniidae (Diptera) described by J.W. Zetterstedt. Insect Syst Evol, 33(1): 103–112 Pont, A. C., D. Werner & E.A.
Kachvoryan. 2005. A preliminary list of the Fanniidae &
Muscidae (Diptera) of Armenia.
Zoology in the Middle East, 36:364–378. Propp, G. D. & P. B. Morgan.
1985a. Effect of
parasitoid/host ratio on superparasitism of house fly pupae (Diptera:
Muscidae) by Spalangia endius Walker
(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). J. Kans.
Ent. Soc. 57: 617‑21. Propp, G. D. & P. B. Morgan. 1985b.
Effect of host distribution on parasitoidism of house fly (Diptera:
Muscidae) pupae by Spalangia
endius
and Muscidifurax
raptor
(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae). Can.
Ent. 117: 515‑24. Ripa, R.
1986. Survey and use of
biological control agents on Easter Island and in Chile, p. 39-44. In:
R. S. Patterson & D. A. Rutz
(eds.), Biological Control of Muscoid Flies.
Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Amer. 61: 39-44. Rodriguez, J. L. & L. A.
Riehl. 1962.
Control of flies in manure of chickens and rabbits by cockerels in
southern California. J. Econ. Ent. 55: 473-77. Rutz,
D. A. & R. C. Axtell. 1979. Sustained releases of Muscidifurax
raptor
(Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for house fly (Musca
domestica)
control in two types of caged-layer poultry houses. Environ. Entomol. 8:
1105-1110. Rutz, D. A. & R.
C. Axtell. 1980a. Invasion and
establishment of house fly, Musca domestica (Diptera:
Muscidae), parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) in
new caged-layer poultry houses. J.
Med. Ent. 17: 151-55. Rutz, D. A. & R.
C. Axtell. 1980b. House fly (Musca
domestica)
parasites (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) associated with poultry manure in North Carolina. Environ. Entomol. 9: 175-180. Séguy, E. 1937. Diptera, family
Muscidae. In: P. Wystmann (ed.), Genera
Insectorum, Brussels, 205: 604. Shinonaga, S. & R. Kano. 1971.
Fauna Japonica Muscidae (Insecta:Diptera). Academia
Press. 242 pp. Shoorijeh,
S. J., S. Negahban, A. Tamadon &
M.A. Behzadi. 2009. Prevalence and intensity of Oestrus ovis in sheep of
Shiraz, southern Iran. Trop Anim. Health Prod, 41 (7):
1259–1262 Simmonds, H. W. 1958. The housefly
problem in Fiji and Samoa. So. Pac.
Comm. Quart. Bull. 8: 29-30, 47. Six, D. L. and B. A. Mullens. 1996.
Seasonal prevalence of Entomophthora
muscae and attempted introduction of Entomophthora schizophorae
(Zygomycotina:
Entomophthorales) into Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
populations on California dairies. Biological Control 6: 315-323.76. Skevington,
J.H. & P. T. Dang, eds. 2002. Exploring the diversity of flies (Diptera).
Biodiversity 3(4): 3-27. Watson,
D W; Geden, C J; Long, S J; Rutz, D A.
1995. Efficacy of Beauveria
bassiana for controlling the house fly and stable fly (Diptera:
Muscidae). Biological Control, v.5, n.3, (1995): 405-411. |
